25 Sep 2025

From Analog to Digital: A Systematic Workflow for Converting Published Landform Maps to Georeferenced Datasets

Abstract: Reference datasets for geomorphological analysis often require the integration of multiple data sources, including legacy maps and published figures that exist only as scanned images or hard copies. This report documents a systematic five-step workflow for converting landform information from these analog sources into georeferenced point datasets suitable for digital analysis. The methodology encompasses acquiring and evaluating imagery, georeferencing using ground control points, manually digitizing landform polygons, converting to centroid points using a systematic grid-based approach, and assigning attributes with quality control measures. In a case study on East Asia, we demonstrate the workflow’s practical application by processing 15 published sources to generate over 2 million labeled landform points representing approximately 1,015 km² of land across China and Mongolia. The dataset encompasses seven landform classes commonly found in arid environments: active washes, alluvial fans, bedrock, pediments, playas, sand dunes, and sand sheets. Quality assessments using analyst confidence ratings revealed reliable classification performance for most landform types. This workflow provides researchers with an efficient approach to leveraging existing published landform data, thus expanding the spatial coverage and temporal depth of reference datasets that are available for geomorphological analysis and machine learning applications.

15 Apr 2025

Smart Cities–A Structured Literature Review

Abstract: Smart cities are rapidly evolving concept-transforming urban developments. They use advanced technologies and data analytics to improve quality of life, increase efficiency of infrastructure and services, and promote sustainable economic growth. They integrate multiple domains to create an interconnected and intelligent urban environment. The implementation of smart city solutions in international contexts was also analyzed and proposes strategies to overcome implementation challenges. The integration of technology and data-driven solutions has potential to revolutionize urban living by providing personalized and accessible services. However, it also presents challenges, including data privacy concerns, unequal access to technology, and the need for collaboration across private, public, and government sectors. This study provides insights into the current state and future prospects of smart cities and presents an analysis of challenges and opportunities. We also propose a concise definition for smart cities: “Smart cities use digital technologies, communication technologies, and data analytics to create an efficient and effective service environment that improves urban quality of life and promotes sustainability.” As cities grow and face increasingly complex challenges, the integration of advanced technologies and data-driven solutions can create more sustainable communities.